Kazan Federal University

Reference managers like Zotero, Mendeley or EndNote are widely used to keep citation formatting consistent across a long document, especially once a thesis runs to several dozen sources across multiple chapters written weeks apart. They reduce repetitive formatting work, but they don't replace understanding the target style — auto-generated citations still need a final manual check, particularly for edge cases like sources with no listed author, multiple editions, or online-only material.

Whichever style your program requires, the underlying discipline — APA, IEEE, Harvard, Vancouver or another — is usually the more reliable clue than the country a university is based in.

Because Kazan Federal University sets its own requirements — and only Kazan Federal University can tell you what those are — our role is to work carefully within whatever you provide. In practice, that means asking for your program handbook, formatting guide or citation requirements up front, and building your draft around those documents plus any direction your supervisor has already given, which is a workable approach across public institutions generally, not something specific to any one school.

Formatting mistakes are rarely about not knowing formatting exists — they're usually about applying last semester's template, a friend's program's rules, or a generic online example instead of the current, program-specific version. Requirements can change between academic years, and can differ even between two programs in the same faculty.

The safest habit is a direct one: download the current formatting guide from your own program before your final formatting pass, and check margins, spacing, pagination, heading styles and submission format (electronic, printed, or both) against that document specifically — not against general norms, including the ones described on this page.